Is Fibromyalgia Genetic? What 2026 Studies of 2.5 Million People Show

Is Fibromyalgia Genetic? What 2026 Studies of 2.5 Million People Show

This article is for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. For any decisions about testing, treatment, or care, consult a qualified clinician. In emergencies, call 911.

Bottom line: Research shows fibromyalgia runs in families, but no single gene causes it. A 2026 study of about 2.5 million people found 26 small genetic signals, mostly tied to the brain. Even people with the highest genetic scores rarely have it: about 2 to 3 in 100. A genetic result is context, not a diagnosis. Diagnosis still comes from a clinician’s exam.

What you’ll learn

• How strongly fibromyalgia runs in families, and why “genetic” does not mean “inherited from one gene”
• What the two large 2026 genetic studies found, including the confusing Huntington’s gene headline
• What a 23andMe fibromyalgia report can and cannot tell you, in plain numbers
• Which treatments, protections, and next steps have research behind them in the US and Canada

Is fibromyalgia inherited? It clusters in families, but no single gene causes it

Fibromyalgia is a long-term condition. It causes widespread pain, poor sleep, and tiredness. It is not passed down the way some conditions are. There is no single “fibromyalgia gene” that a parent hands to a child.

Instead, fibromyalgia is polygenic. That means many genes each add a tiny push toward risk. Life events, sleep, stress, illness, and other pain conditions add pushes too. Think of it like a weather forecast. Many small factors add up to a “chance of rain,” not a promise.

The US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) puts it this way. Fibromyalgia “tends to run in families,” and some scientists believe certain genes could make it more likely. But it “also occurs in people with no family history”.

Two older studies first showed the family pattern. They are summarized below.

Study	Who was studied	Main finding
Arnold and colleagues, 2004	533 relatives of 78 fibromyalgia patients vs. 272 relatives of 40 arthritis patients	Relatives of fibromyalgia patients had about 8.5 times the odds of fibromyalgia (range 2.8 to 26)
Kato and colleagues, 2006	About 45,000 Swedish twins aged 42 and older	Chronic widespread pain showed “modest” genetic influence

An odds ratio compares the odds of a condition in two groups. The Arnold study compared relatives of fibromyalgia patients with relatives of arthritis patients. It did not compare them with everyone.

So the 8.5 figure is not “8.5 out of 100.” It is not “8.5 times your lifetime risk,” either. The range was also very wide. The safe takeaway is simple: fibromyalgia clearly clusters in families.

The same family study found that fibromyalgia and major mood disorders tended to show up in the same families. The twin study looked at chronic widespread pain, not a clinical fibromyalgia diagnosis. In that study, genes and shared home life together explained about half of the differences between people. Genes alone explained less. There were no clear differences in genetic influence between men and women.

If fibromyalgia runs in your family, tell your primary care clinician. Family history is useful context for them.

Section recap: Fibromyalgia runs in families, but through many small genetic nudges plus life factors. It is not a single-gene condition, and it also appears in people with no family history.

What the 2026 genetic studies found: 26 signals, the brain, and the Huntington’s headline

In July 2026, two large studies of fibromyalgia genes were published. Both used a method called a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A GWAS scans DNA from many people to find small spots that are a bit more common in people with a condition.

	Nature Medicine study	Nature Communications study
Lead authors	Kerrebijn and colleagues	Bright and colleagues (VA Million Veteran Program)
People studied	2,563,755 (54,629 with fibromyalgia)	1,727,572 (85,139 with fibromyalgia)
Ancestry	Multiple ancestries, 11 groups of volunteers	European, African, and Latin American ancestry
Risk spots found	26	10 European, 1 African, 12 cross-ancestry
Key pattern	Signals concentrated in brain tissue and nerve cells	Strong genetic overlap with chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression

A brain-centered condition

The Nature Medicine study found that the genetic signal was concentrated in brain tissue. It did not point to muscles or joints. Genes tied to brain signaling stood out, including GPR52, DCC, DRD2, and CELF4. This fits other evidence. NIAMS notes that people with fibromyalgia show higher pain sensitivity. Brain scans also show changes in how pain signals are handled.

For many patients, this matters. It supports what they already know. The pain is real, and it involves the nervous system. Picture a smoke alarm set too sensitive. The alarm is real, even when the “fire” is small.

Shared genes with other conditions

Both studies found genetic overlap with other conditions. Scientists call this genetic correlation. It means the same DNA variations tend to raise the chance of both conditions.

• Low back pain, PTSD, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) shared much of their genetic signal with fibromyalgia
• Chronic pain, PTSD, and depression showed strong overlap in the second study
• Autoimmune diseases showed moderate overlap
• Physical activity showed a moderate negative overlap

Shared genes do not mean one condition causes another. They mean some of the same genetic tendencies show up in both.

The Huntington’s gene headline, explained

The strongest single signal sat in a gene called HTT. That is the same gene linked to Huntington’s disease. This caused alarming headlines. Here is what the study actually found.

• Same gene, different change. Huntington’s disease comes from a long repeated stretch of DNA near the start of HTT. The fibromyalgia signal is a different, common change far from that region.
• It is common. About 8 in 100 gene copies carry this fibromyalgia-linked change.
• The Huntington’s repeat showed no link to fibromyalgia in the study’s tests.
• The effect is tiny. The change raised the odds of fibromyalgia by about 9%.

A fibromyalgia diagnosis, a family history, or a 23andMe result is not a reason to test for Huntington’s disease. If this headline worries you, bring it to a clinician or a genetic counselor (a specialist who explains genetic results).

How much do genes explain?

Scientists use the word heritability for how much of the difference between people comes from genes. The 2026 studies measured only common DNA changes that a lab chip can read. In the larger study, these explained about 10 parts in 100. In the second study, they explained about 7 parts in 100. Most of the variation lies elsewhere. That includes rarer genes, life events, and how fibromyalgia is measured.

These low numbers do not mean genes are unimportant. They mean no single test can capture the whole picture. It is a bit like judging a recipe by its salt alone.

Section recap: Two 2026 studies show fibromyalgia is shaped by many genes active in the brain. The HTT signal is a common, small-effect change. It is not Huntington’s disease.

Risk in real numbers: what “higher risk” means per 100 people

Headlines often say “higher risk.” That phrase hides the actual size of the risk. Absolute numbers tell you more.

Start with the baseline. The CDC estimates fibromyalgia affects about 4 million US adults. That is about 2 in every 100 adults, so roughly 98 in 100 do not have it. The Canadian guideline says it affects more than 2% of people. Rates vary with how it is defined and who is studied. Across groups in the 2026 study, rates ranged from about 1 in 100 to 7 or 8 in 100.

What a high genetic score adds

The Nature Medicine team built a polygenic risk score. This score adds up many small genetic signals into one number. From here on, this article calls it a “risk score.” The team then checked how well the score sorted people.

Risk score group (UK Biobank, European ancestry)	People with fibromyalgia per 100	People without it per 100
Lowest fifth	About 1	About 99
Highest fifth	About 2 to 3 (2.4)	About 97 to 98

So a high risk score roughly doubles a small number. But even in the highest group, about 97 or 98 out of 100 people did not have fibromyalgia. Each of the 26 genetic signals nudged the odds by only about 4% to 9%. That is a fraction of one extra case per 100 people.

The score’s accuracy was modest. Scientists rate this kind of accuracy from 0.5 (a coin flip) to 1.0 (perfect). The score reached 0.59 in people of European ancestry. It reached only 0.55 in people of South Asian and African ancestry.

Why women are diagnosed more often

Women are diagnosed with fibromyalgia more often than men. The CDC says women are about twice as likely to have it. A 2026 study notes that about 75 in 100 cases worldwide are in women.

Yet the genetic signals looked almost identical in men and women. The 26 signals had similar effects in both sexes. So genes do not seem to explain the gap. Other factors, such as diagnosis patterns or non-genetic differences, likely play a role. Research has not settled this question.

Your clinician can put your family history and symptoms into context. A risk score cannot do that alone.

Section recap: About 2 in 100 US adults have fibromyalgia. Even among people with the highest genetic scores, only about 2 to 3 in 100 had it in a large study.

Testing options: a 23andMe report versus a clinical evaluation

Many people first meet the word “fibromyalgia” in a genetic report. It helps to know what each kind of test can do.

Option	What it is	What it can tell you
23andMe “Fibromyalgia” report	A consumer risk-score report that adds up many small genetic variants	A rough estimate of likelihood compared with others of similar ancestry
Clinical genetic test	A lab test ordered by a clinician for a specific condition	None exists that diagnoses fibromyalgia
Clinical evaluation	A visit with a primary care clinician or a rheumatologist (a joint and autoimmune specialist)	An actual diagnosis, using standard criteria

The consumer report

A consumer report like this is company information, not independent research. The research on similar risk scores shows modest accuracy, as described above.

No genetic test can diagnose fibromyalgia

The 2012 Canadian guideline is clear on this point. Fibromyalgia has no defining physical abnormality and no biological marker. No lab test or genetic test confirms it. Diagnosis rests on symptoms and a clinical exam.

That means no clinical gene panel diagnoses or predicts fibromyalgia. Ordering more genetic tests will not settle the question. A careful clinical visit will.

Who can help

• Primary care clinician: the first stop for widespread pain, sleep problems, or fatigue
• Rheumatologist: helps when other joint or autoimmune conditions may also be present
• Genetic counselor: helps explain what a risk score does and does not mean

To find a certified genetic counselor, one starting point is NSGC.org. Think of the consumer report as a weather app. A clinical visit is the meteorologist who looks out the window.

Section recap: A 23andMe report gives a rough, ancestry-dependent estimate. No genetic test diagnoses fibromyalgia. Diagnosis comes from a clinician.

Reading a result: risk score versus diagnosis versus uncertain variant

Three kinds of results often get mixed up. They mean very different things.

Type of result	What it means	What it does not mean
Risk score (polygenic)	Your genes add up to a slightly higher or lower chance than average	It does not mean you have, or will get, fibromyalgia
Clinical diagnosis	A clinician found your symptoms meet standard criteria	It does not depend on any gene test
Variant of uncertain significance (VUS)	A gene change from a clinical test whose meaning is not yet known	It applies to single-gene testing, not to fibromyalgia risk scores

How clinicians diagnose fibromyalgia

Clinicians often use the 2016 revision of the ACR 2010/2011 fibromyalgia criteria, by Wolfe and colleagues. ACR stands for the American College of Rheumatology. An adult meets the criteria when all of these are true:

1. Pain is spread across at least 4 of 5 body regions.
2. Symptoms have stayed at a similar level for at least 3 months.
3. Two scores are high enough. One counts painful body areas. The other rates fatigue, sleep, and thinking problems.

Under these criteria, fibromyalgia can be diagnosed alongside other illnesses. It is not a “diagnosis of exclusion.” Still, clinicians check for conditions that can look similar or exist alongside it. Examples include thyroid disease and inflammatory arthritis.

The criteria also come in a self-report form. That version is valid for research only. It is not meant to diagnose an individual person. In tests, the earlier 2010/2011 criteria correctly identified about 86 in 100 people with fibromyalgia.

What to do with a high or low score

• High score, no symptoms: no diagnosis. Keep healthy sleep and activity habits.
• High score, with symptoms: book a visit. The symptoms matter more than the score.
• Low score, with symptoms: a low score does not rule fibromyalgia out. Book a visit anyway.

Questions to bring to the visit

• Do these symptoms meet the 2016 criteria, or should other causes be checked first?
• Could another condition, such as thyroid disease or arthritis, be present at the same time?
• Which non-drug steps should come first for sleep and pain?
• Does the family history change what the clinician would look for?
• Is a referral to a rheumatologist or a genetic counselor useful in this case?

Writing these down before the visit can save time. It also helps the visit stay focused on symptoms, not the score.

A risk score is like a family history in number form. It is never a reason to skip an exam, and it is never a reason to self-diagnose. If your pain has been dismissed before, bring a symptom diary to your clinician. It shows patterns more clearly than a score.

Section recap: A risk score shows a probability. A diagnosis needs a clinician and the 2016 criteria. Symptoms, not scores, should drive the next step.

Prevention and early action: what the evidence supports

No proven method prevents fibromyalgia. Research does point to habits that help people manage symptoms. Some factors also appear in research on who develops it.

Possible risk factors

The CDC lists several possible risk factors that need more research:

• Stressful or traumatic events, including PTSD and hard childhood experiences
• Repetitive injuries
• Illness, such as viral infections
• Family history
• Obesity

Middle age and conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis are better established risk factors. NIAMS adds depression, anxiety, chronic back pain, and IBS to the list of linked conditions.

Exercise has the strongest support for symptoms

The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) reviewed 107 research summaries in 2017. Exercise was the only therapy that earned a “strong” recommendation. A Cochrane review pooled trials of aerobic exercise, such as walking or cycling.

Measure (aerobic exercise vs. no exercise, 6 to 24 weeks)	Result
Pain on a 0 to 100 scale	About 11 points lower on average
Physical function	About 10% better
Quality of life	About 8% better
Dropouts	About 20 in 100 exercisers vs. 17 in 100 non-exercisers

The evidence for pain was low quality, and long-term benefits are uncertain. Still, exercise appears well tolerated. Starting slowly is like warming up a cold car. Gentle steps first, then more speed.

About the exercise and genes link

One 2026 study found that genes linked to fibromyalgia overlap negatively with genes linked to physical activity. This is a shared genetic tendency. It does not prove that exercise prevents fibromyalgia. The exercise advice above comes from treatment research, not from the gene study.

Other helpful steps include getting care for depression or PTSD and treating other pain conditions early. Ask your clinician to help build a plan that fits your body and schedule.

Section recap: Nothing proven prevents fibromyalgia. Exercise has the strongest research support for easing symptoms. Mental health care and early pain care also matter.

Treatment in the US and Canada: approved options and dates

Guidelines in Europe and Canada agree on the order of care. Start with education and non-drug steps. Add other options when needed.

Non-drug care comes first

• Education: learning how fibromyalgia works can reduce fear and guide choices
• Exercise: the only “strong” recommendation in the EULAR review
• Talk therapy: such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which builds coping skills; recommended for mood and coping
• Multi-part rehab: for people with severe disability
• Healthy routines: the Canadian guideline calls lifestyle and active patient involvement the cornerstone of care

Medicines are an option for severe pain or poor sleep. Effects of most treatments are “relatively modest”. The Canadian guideline also says medicines give only modest benefit. It encourages people to keep up their daily function and to stay at work when possible.

FDA-approved medicines for fibromyalgia

Four medicines have an FDA approval for fibromyalgia.

Medicine	FDA approval for fibromyalgia	Health Canada Drug Product Database, checked October 9, 2026
Pregabalin (Lyrica)	June 2007	Product listed
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)	2008	Product listed
Milnacipran (Savella)	January 2009	No listing found
Cyclobenzaprine under-the-tongue tablet (TONMYA)	August 15, 2025	No listing found

TONMYA is a tablet that dissolves under the tongue at bedtime. People start with 2.8 mg for the first 14 days. From day 15, the dose is 5.6 mg (2 tablets) at bedtime. It is approved for adults with fibromyalgia.

As of the October 9, 2026 check date, no Health Canada listing was found for TONMYA. Canadian readers should ask their clinician which medicines are available to them. The same applies to Savella.

The TONMYA trials in plain numbers

Two large trials tested this tablet against a placebo (a dummy tablet). Both lasted 14 weeks.

	RESILIENT trial, 2026	RELIEF trial, 2023
People	456	503
Pain drop, tablet (0 to 10 scale)	1.8 points	1.9 points
Pain drop, placebo	1.2 points	1.5 points
Extra benefit over placebo	0.6 points	0.4 points
Temporary mouth numbness	About 23 in 100 vs. under 1 in 100	About 17 in 100 vs. under 1 in 100

In the 2026 trial, all six other goals also improved, including sleep and fatigue. In the 2023 trial, patients’ overall rating of change did not improve significantly. Most side effects were local and short-lived. Sleepiness affected about 3 in 100 people on the tablet. Most authors of both trials worked for the company that makes the drug. That is common for drug trials, but it is worth knowing.

No gene-based treatment yet

The 2026 studies pointed to brain genes such as GPR52. These are research leads only. No treatment targets fibromyalgia genes today. A genetic result does not change which medicine is right for you. Talk with your clinician about benefits, side effects, and costs before starting any medicine.

Section recap: Care starts with education and exercise. Four medicines carry FDA approval for fibromyalgia, most recently TONMYA in August 2025. No Health Canada listing for TONMYA was found as of October 9, 2026.

Family, insurance, and talking about it

What it means for children and siblings

For single-gene conditions, relatives can test for one known change. This is called cascade testing. It does not apply to fibromyalgia, because no single gene causes it.

Family history still matters. Relatives of people with fibromyalgia are more likely to have it. But most relatives will not, and it also occurs with no family history. With about 2 in 100 adults affected overall, most children of an affected parent will likely never develop it.

Some simple ways to talk with family:

• Share the facts calmly: “It runs in families, but it is not passed down like eye color.”
• Focus on what helps: sleep, regular movement, and getting care for stress or low mood.
• Encourage relatives with ongoing pain, poor sleep, or fatigue to see a clinician.
• Avoid labeling a child or sibling as “next in line.”

Insurance and job protections in the US

The US Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA), Pub. L. 110-233, sets rules on genetic information.

Area	Protected by GINA?
Health insurance	Yes
Employment (15 or more employees)	Yes
Employers with fewer than 15 employees	No
Life insurance	No
Disability insurance	No
Long-term care insurance	No

Some states add more protections. HealthCare.gov also explains a separate rule. Marketplace plans cannot reject you or charge you more for a condition you had before coverage. Medicaid and CHIP cannot either. Before applying for life or disability insurance, it is worth learning the rules where you live.

Protections in Canada

Canada’s Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (S.C. 2017, c. 3) covers genetic tests. No one may require a genetic test as a condition of a contract or service. No one may require you to share test results for those purposes either. Results also cannot be collected or shared without written consent, with some exceptions for health care and research.

When pain is “invisible”

Fibromyalgia pain does not show on an X-ray. That can make people feel doubted. The Canadian guideline notes that nerve research attests to the condition’s validity. The 2026 studies add genetic evidence that it centers on the brain. Bringing these points to a visit can help start a clearer conversation. A genetic counselor or clinician can help with questions about family disclosure.

Section recap: Cascade testing does not apply to fibromyalgia. GINA protects health insurance and most jobs, but not life, disability, or long-term care insurance. Canada bans required genetic testing for contracts and services.

FAQ

Will a person with a family history definitely get fibromyalgia?

No. Fibromyalgia clusters in families, but most relatives never develop it. About 2 in 100 US adults have it. Even in the highest genetic score group, about 97 or 98 in 100 people did not have it. Symptoms, not family history alone, should guide a visit to a clinician.

Can a parent pass fibromyalgia to children?

A parent can pass on some of the many small genetic nudges. There is no single gene to inherit. Most children of an affected parent will likely not develop it. A child with ongoing pain, sleep problems, or fatigue should see a clinician, since it can occur at any age.

Can a genetic result affect health or life insurance?

In the US, GINA bars health insurers from using genetic information. It does not cover life, disability, or long-term care insurance. In Canada, no one may require a genetic test or its results as a condition of a contract. A genetic counselor can explain local rules.

Can an employer find out about a genetic result?

GINA bars most US employers from using genetic information. This rule does not apply to employers with fewer than 15 employees. In Canada, results cannot be collected or shared without written consent, with some exceptions. A person can choose not to share a consumer report at work.

Should a person get a second opinion?

A second opinion is reasonable when symptoms persist or the diagnosis feels unclear. Fibromyalgia can be diagnosed alongside other conditions, so other problems should still be checked. A rheumatologist can help sort out overlapping joint or autoimmune conditions. A genetic counselor can help explain a risk score.

Summary

• Fibromyalgia runs in families, but no single gene causes it.
• 2026 studies found 26 small genetic signals, mostly tied to the brain.
• The HTT signal is a common change. It is not Huntington’s disease, and it is no reason for Huntington’s testing.
• About 2 in 100 US adults have fibromyalgia. In the highest genetic score group, about 2 to 3 in 100 had it.
• No genetic test diagnoses fibromyalgia. Clinicians use the 2016 revised criteria.
• Exercise has the strongest support for symptoms. Four medicines carry FDA approval, most recently TONMYA in 2025.
• GINA covers health insurance and most jobs, but not life insurance. Canada bans required genetic testing for contracts.

A risk score can start a conversation. A clinician should guide the next step.

This article is for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. For any decisions about testing, treatment, or care, consult a qualified clinician. In emergencies, call 911.

References

1. Kerrebijn I, Bjornsdottir G, Arbabi K, Urpa L, et al.; Chronic Pain Genomics Consortium; FinnGen; et al. The genetic architecture of fibromyalgia across 2.5 million individuals. Nat Med. 2026 Aug;32(8):3060-3070. PMID 42521817. DOI 10.1038/s41591-026-04492-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42521817/
2. Bright U, Beck S, Levey DF, Deak JD; VA Million Veteran Program; Gaziano JM, Stein MB, Gelernter J. The genetics of fibromyalgia and its relationships to psychiatric and medical traits. Nat Commun. 2026 Jul 28;17(1):6248. PMID 42521668. DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-75256-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42521668/
3. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Hess EV, Ware AE, Fritz DA, Auchenbach MB, Starck LO, Keck PE Jr. Family study of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Mar;50(3):944-952. PMID 15022338. DOI 10.1002/art.20042. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022338/
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5. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH. Fibromyalgia (health topic). Last reviewed May 2024. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/fibromyalgia
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arthritis Program. Fibromyalgia. Archived page. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/arthritis/types/fibromyalgia.htm
7. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Hauser W, Katz RL, Mease PJ, Russell AS, Russell IJ, Walitt B. 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016 Dec;46(3):319-329. PMID 27916278. DOI 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916278/
8. Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, Atzeni F, Hauser W, et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Feb;76(2):318-328. PMID 27377815. DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209724. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27377815/
9. Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, et al.; National Fibromyalgia Guideline Advisory Panel. 2012 Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manag. 2013 May-Jun;18(3):119-126. PMID 23748251. DOI 10.1155/2013/918216. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23748251/
10. Bidonde J, Busch AJ, Schachter CL, Overend TJ, Kim SY, Goes SM, Boden C, Foulds HJ. Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 21;6(6):CD012700. PMID 28636204. DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012700. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636204/
11. U.S. FDA Drugs@FDA and FDA-approved labeling (DailyMed); Health Canada Drug Product Database. FDA fibromyalgia approvals: TONMYA (NDA219428), LYRICA (NDA021446 S-010), SAVELLA (NDA022256), CYMBALTA (NDA021427). Health Canada DPD query for TONMYA. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6fa59588-ce9b-48cf-8c5f-725a448f8571 ; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2007/021446s010ltr.pdf ; https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/
12. Lederman S, Arnold LM, Vaughn B, Engels JM, Kelley M, Sullivan GM. Pain relief by targeting nonrestorative sleep in fibromyalgia: a phase 3 randomized trial of bedtime sublingual cyclobenzaprine. Pain Med. 2026 Jan 1;27(1):86-94. PMID 40627411. DOI 10.1093/pm/pnaf089. NCT05273749. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40627411/
13. Lederman S, Arnold LM, Vaughn B, Kelley M, Sullivan GM. Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Cyclobenzaprine for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: Results From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023 Nov;75(11):2359-2368. PMID 37165930. DOI 10.1002/acr.25142. NCT04172831. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37165930/
14. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-233 (govinfo; NHGRI genome.gov policy page); HealthCare.gov pre-existing conditions page; Genetic Non-Discrimination Act, S.C. 2017, c. 3 (Justice Laws Website). https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genetic-Discrimination ; https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-110publ233 ; https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage/pre-existing-conditions/ ; https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/G-2.5/page-1.html

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Last updated: 2026-10-09

Author: genelumen editorial team. This article aggregates 14 sources from peer-reviewed medical literature and public health agencies (tier 1=10 / tier 2=4). Sources include NIH (NIAMS), CDC, U.S. FDA records, and EULAR and Canadian clinical guidelines. They also include a Cochrane review, US and Canadian genetic non-discrimination laws, and PubMed-indexed studies.

This article is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. In emergencies, call 911 (US/Canada) or 119 (Japan).

Related: Neurogenetic Diseases category

🇯🇵 For readers in Japan — a separate Japanese edition written for Japan’s healthcare system (not a translation): https://genelumen.com/ja/ja-neurogenetic/fibromyalgia-genetic-risk-family-japan