Is Melanoma Hereditary? What Your 23andMe Report Really Means

Is Melanoma Hereditary? What Your 23andMe Report Really Means

This article is for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. For any decisions about testing, treatment, or care, consult a qualified clinician. In emergencies, call 911.

Bottom line: About 1 in 10 melanoma cases run in families. Only a small share of those trace back to one high-risk gene. The most common one is called CDKN2A. A 23andMe-style “Skin Cancer (Melanoma)” report measures something else. It blends more than 1,800 common gene variants. On its own, that score is not a diagnosis. It is not a syndrome. It is not a reason to skip your next skin check.

Maybe a parent or sibling had melanoma. Maybe you just opened a DTC report and saw an unfamiliar score. Either way, the goal here is the same. This article walks through what the science actually supports, in plain language, so you can have a more useful conversation with your own doctor or genetic counselor.

What you’ll learn:

• Why melanoma risk has two separate genetic layers, not one
• How to turn a relative-risk number into a real, absolute chance
• What sets a DTC polygenic report apart from clinical CDKN2A testing
• Where the newest melanoma treatments fit, and where they don’t

Inheritance mechanism: a two-tier genetic architecture, not one gene

Most people picture melanoma risk as a single gene passed down, like eye color. The real picture has two layers. Mixing them up is the biggest source of confusion.

The first layer is rare but strong. A small number of families carry a pathogenic variant. That term means a gene change known to cause disease. Most often it sits in CDKN2A. Less often it’s in CDK4, BAP1, or POT1. A review of hereditary melanoma genetics found CDKN2A is the top cause of familial melanoma. It shows up in close to 40% of hereditary cases studied so far. This kind of variant follows an autosomal-dominant pattern. That phrase just means one copy from either parent is enough to raise risk. Families like this often have several relatives with melanoma. Sometimes one person has more than one melanoma over a lifetime.

The second layer is common but weak on its own. Most population-level melanoma risk comes from this layer. It is also everything a 23andMe-style “Skin Cancer (Melanoma)” report actually measures. Experts call it a polygenic score. “Polygenic” simply means many genes acting together, each with a tiny effect. 23andMe describes its Skin Cancer report as a statistical model. It draws on more than 1,800 genetic variants, plus traits like hair color and sun sensitivity. A large piece of that common-variant signal comes from the MC1R gene, which shapes pigmentation (skin and hair color). A meta-analysis of MC1R studies found several common variants tied to red hair and fair skin. Those same variants also raise melanoma odds. Individual variants were roughly 1.4 to 2.5 times more common in melanoma cases than in people without melanoma.

A 2024 genome-wide study adds more detail. It was published in JAMA Dermatology and led by Ingold and colleagues. The team pooled data from the UK Biobank, FinnGen, and two Australian cohorts. They found 6 gene regions linked to early-stage (in-situ) melanoma. They found 18 more linked to invasive melanoma. That is real progress. But it is still a probability shift built from many small nudges. It is not one strong signal, the way a CDKN2A variant is.

Here is a simple way to picture both layers at once. Think of CDKN2A as a rare, loud alarm bell. It sits in just a few houses. The polygenic score is more like a whole neighborhood’s average fire-risk rating. It is useful, but far less decisive for any one house.

• High-penetrance layer: CDKN2A, CDK4, BAP1, POT1 — rare, strong, runs in specific families
• Polygenic layer: 1,800+ common variants, including MC1R pigmentation genes — common, weak on their own, what DTC reports measure
• What the 2024 GWAS study adds: it pinpoints gene regions and sharpens the polygenic score, but still explains only part of total risk

It helps to name the difference out loud. A “susceptibility gene,” like CDKN2A, is a single gene with a large, direct effect. A “polygenic score” adds up small nudges from thousands of genes at once. Neither term means “cause” in a simple, one-to-one sense. Both describe risk, not certainty. Even in families with a known CDKN2A variant, not every carrier develops melanoma, which is a key idea the next section explains in detail.

If a family history or a DTC report has you wondering which layer applies to you, talk with your primary care doctor. A board-certified genetic counselor can also help.

Section recap: Melanoma risk splits into a rare high-penetrance gene layer (CDKN2A and a few others) and a common polygenic layer that DTC reports actually measure. They are different things.

Risk magnitude: from relative risk to a lived absolute risk

Numbers like “18 gene regions” or “odds ratio 1.43” don’t mean much alone. Most people want something simpler. Out of 100 people like me, how many will get melanoma?

Start with the general population baseline. Then add genetics on top. The 2024 JAMA Dermatology study built a polygenic score from the invasive-vs-in-situ comparison. Each standard-deviation increase raised risk by a factor of 1.43. That is a moderate nudge, not a dramatic jump. The same study also measured heritability. That means how much of the risk difference between people traces back to inherited DNA. The numbers were modest: about 6.7% for in-situ melanoma and 4.9% for invasive melanoma. In plain terms, common gene variants explain only a slice of who gets melanoma. Sun exposure, skin type, and mole count still carry a lot of weight.

Confirmed CDKN2A carriers face a much bigger jump. But even here, the exact number depends on how researchers found the families in the first place. That detail matters more than most articles admit.

Study design	Estimated lifetime melanoma risk in CDKN2A carriers	Why the number differs
Population-based sample (GEM Study)	About 14% by age 50, 24% by age 70, 28% by age 80	Carriers came from the general population, not just heavily affected families
Multi-case-family studies (cited in GEM Study)	About 58% (Europe) to 91% (Australia) by age 80	Families were recruited because several relatives already had melanoma
High-risk surveillance cohort	Roughly 30%-70% lifetime risk	Carriers followed at a specialist clinic for CDKN2A-linked cancers

Why does the study design matter so much? Picture two surveys about pizza delivery speed. One asks random households. The other asks only people who already called to complain. Both surveys are real data. But they answer different questions. The same gene variant can carry a very different risk number, depending on how the study found its carriers.

Two more risk facts are worth knowing. CDKN2A carriers also face a much higher relative risk of pancreatic cancer, roughly 13 to 47 times higher than the general population. That translates to about 5%-24% lifetime risk. Some carrier-surveillance programs watch the pancreas, not just the skin, because of this link. Penetrance also climbs with UV exposure. Penetrance means the share of carriers who actually develop disease. A CDKN2A carrier in a high-UV region faces more real-world risk than a carrier in a lower-UV climate, even with the same gene variant.

It also helps to remember what “risk” does not mean. Risk is not fate. A high number describes a group of people who share a trait, not a single guaranteed outcome for any one person in that group. Two carriers of the exact same CDKN2A variant can live very different lives, shaped by sun habits, skin type, climate, and plain chance. That is why doctors talk about risk in ranges, not promises.

None of these numbers replace a talk with a clinician who knows your history. They are a starting point for that talk, not a verdict.

Section recap: A polygenic score nudges risk modestly. A confirmed CDKN2A variant raises it much more. But the exact number swings widely, depending on how the underlying study found its carriers.

Testing options: DTC polygenic reports vs. clinical CDKN2A panel testing

Two things get called “melanoma genetic testing.” They are not the same.

A direct-to-consumer (DTC) report, like 23andMe’s “Skin Cancer (Melanoma)” entry, is a population-probability score. It is built from genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics. Those are large studies that scan the whole genome for variants linked to a trait. This one covers people of European, Latino, and Northern African/Western Asian ancestry. It is not diagnostic. It is not the test your dermatologist would order if your family history raised a red flag. The NCI’s genetics summary draws a clear line between these DTC-style contributors and the clinical high-penetrance gene panel.

Clinical, insurance-billable testing works differently. A genetics clinic orders it, not a mail-order kit. It is usually reserved for families that meet specific criteria:

• Multiple relatives with melanoma
• One person with multiple separate melanomas
• A family history that mixes melanoma with pancreatic cancer, a pattern linked to CDKN2A

	DTC polygenic report (e.g., 23andMe)	Clinical CDKN2A/CDK4/BAP1/POT1 panel
What it measures	1,800+ common variants, statistical model	One high-penetrance gene, sequenced directly
Result type	Percentile / relative likelihood	Pathogenic, benign, or uncertain (VUS)
Who orders it	Self, via mail-order kit	Genetics clinic, usually after family-history criteria are met
Ancestry validation	Strongest in European ancestry; weaker outside it	Not ancestry-limited in the same way
Insurance-billable	No	Often yes, when criteria are met

That ancestry gap is worth underlining. Polygenic scores are trained mostly on people of European ancestry. Their accuracy is not the same for everyone. 23andMe itself says the Skin Cancer report is not offered to all ancestry groups, for this reason.

It also helps to know what a DTC report is not. It is not a medical test ordered by a doctor. It is not reviewed by a genetics lab the way a clinical sample is. And it does not carry the same quality controls a diagnostic test must meet. That doesn’t make it worthless — it’s a reasonable starting point for a conversation — but treating it as a final answer skips a step that matters.

Maybe you have a “higher than average” DTC result and you’re not sure what to do next. That question is exactly what a dermatologist visit is for. A board-certified genetic counselor can also help. Find one through the National Society of Genetic Counselors directory at NSGC.org.

Section recap: A DTC polygenic score and a clinical gene panel answer different questions. They are ordered through different channels. Treat them as separate tools, not substitutes.

Clinical interpretation of results: percentile vs. pathogenic or VUS

Once you have a result in hand, what should you actually do?

A DTC polygenic report returns a percentile, or a “higher/lower than average” statement. There is no pathogenic, benign, or uncertain label attached. It is simply a probability shift. A clinical CDKN2A (or CDK4, BAP1, POT1) panel result works differently. It returns one of three outcomes: a pathogenic variant (a known disease-causing change), a benign variant (not a concern), or a variant of uncertain significance. That last one is often shortened to VUS. A VUS is a change scientists can’t yet classify either way. It is not a “yes.” It is not a “no.” As more people get tested, a VUS can later be reclassified as pathogenic or benign.

This difference changes what you should do with each result:

• DTC “higher than average” score, especially with a family history: bring the report to a dermatologist or genetic counselor, rather than acting on it alone
• Clinical pathogenic result: this is usually when cascade testing of close relatives, and closer skin surveillance, begins
• Clinical VUS: stay in touch with the ordering clinic, since reclassification can happen over time; a VUS alone is not a reason for drastic action
• Clinical benign result: this lowers concern about that specific gene, but does not erase risk from family history or sun exposure

Only a genetics clinic can properly weigh a VUS or confirm a pathogenic finding. A DTC score was never designed to do that job. If your result leaves you unsure, that uncertainty alone is a good reason to book time with a genetic counselor. Find one through NSGC.org.

Think of it like a home inspection versus a structural engineer’s report. The first flags “this could be worth a closer look.” The second tells you exactly what’s wrong, and what to do about it. A DTC score is the first kind of document, not the second.

Section recap: A DTC score is a probability nudge with no formal label. A clinical panel returns pathogenic, benign, or uncertain results. Each one calls for a different next step, ideally with a genetic counselor.

Prevention and early detection

Whichever genetic layer applies to you, the day-to-day prevention plan is largely the same. It just gets more intense for confirmed high-risk families.

The American Academy of Dermatology recommends the ABCDE self-check for spotting a suspicious mole:

• Asymmetry — one half doesn’t match the other
• Border irregularity — edges are ragged or blurred, not smooth
• Color variation — several shades of brown, black, tan, red, or blue within one spot
• Diameter greater than 6mm — roughly the size of a pencil eraser
• Evolving — any change in size, shape, color, or symptoms over time

Beyond self-checks, the routine advice holds for everyone. Use broad-spectrum sun protection. Skip indoor tanning beds. Get periodic full-body skin exams from a dermatologist. Confirmed carriers of a high-penetrance gene, or families with several affected relatives, usually need those exams more often. Some specialist clinics add dermoscopy, a magnified skin-viewing technique, or total-body photography to track moles over time.

One nuance is worth knowing. In 2023, the US Preventive Services Task Force reviewed routine clinician skin exams for people without symptoms or known risk factors. It found the evidence still too thin to recommend them as a universal screening tool, citing detection accuracy in the 40%-70% range. That finding is about population-wide screening only. It does not apply to people already under watch for a personal or family risk. It does not argue against continued monitoring for high-risk families.

Why does catching melanoma early matter so much? Outcomes differ enormously by stage at diagnosis. Early, localized disease behaves very differently from disease that has already spread. Here’s a simple picture: catching a small kitchen grease fire with a lid is easy. The same fire after it reaches the curtains is a different problem entirely. Early detection is that lid.

Section recap: ABCDE self-checks, sun protection, and regular dermatologist exams apply to everyone. Surveillance should scale up for confirmed high-risk carriers and families.

Latest treatment landscape: neoantigen immunotherapy and the first solid-tumor cell therapy

Two 2024 developments changed the melanoma treatment picture. Both come with exact regulator dates worth knowing, since news coverage often blurs “approved” with “still in trials.”

The phase 2b KEYNOTE-942 trial tested a new approach. It paired an individualized neoantigen therapy called mRNA-4157 (V940) with the existing immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab. A neoantigen therapy is built to train the immune system against a patient’s own tumor. Researchers randomized 157 patients with resected, high-risk (stage IIIB-IV) melanoma. About two-thirds got the combination; the rest got pembrolizumab alone. At 18 months, 79% of the combination group had not had their cancer return. Only 62% of the pembrolizumab-alone group could say the same. Side effects graded 3 or worse were somewhat more common in the combination group, 25% versus 18%. No severe reactions were tied specifically to the mRNA-4157 part. The trial appeared in The Lancet on February 17, 2024.

One day earlier, on February 16, 2024, the FDA approved a different kind of treatment. Lifileucel, brand name Amtagvi, became the first cell therapy ever approved for any solid tumor, not just melanoma. Here’s how it works: doctors take a patient’s own tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immune cells already inside the tumor. They grow those cells into a large army outside the body. Then they return the cells to the patient to fight the cancer. It is approved for adults with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who already tried a PD-1-blocking drug. If their tumor carries a BRAF V600 mutation, they must have also tried a BRAF-targeted drug. Health Canada later issued its own Notice of Compliance with Conditions, around August 18, 2025. Its drug portal listing shows a status date of August 15, 2025, a different field.

Treatment	What it is	Approval	Key result
mRNA-4157 (V940) + pembrolizumab	Individualized neoantigen therapy + existing immunotherapy	Phase 2b trial result, not yet a full approval	79% vs 62% recurrence-free at 18 months
Lifileucel (Amtagvi)	Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cell therapy	FDA accelerated approval, 2024-02-16; Health Canada NOC/c, ~2025-08-18	First solid-tumor cell therapy ever approved

Both advances matter for a similar reason. Older melanoma treatments largely targeted the tumor from the outside, with drugs and radiation. These two approaches instead work with, or through, the patient’s own immune system, a shift that has reshaped much of cancer care over the past decade. That shift is exactly why regulators moved quickly, and why both are worth understanding even outside a genetics-only conversation.

One thing to keep clear: both of these are options for people already diagnosed with advanced or high-risk melanoma. Neither applies to someone who only has a polygenic-risk score and no diagnosis. If you or a family member is weighing treatment, that talk belongs with an oncologist, not a genetics article.

Section recap: KEYNOTE-942 showed a real recurrence-free survival benefit from adding neoantigen therapy to pembrolizumab. Lifileucel became the first FDA-approved (Feb 2024) and Health Canada-approved (Aug 2025) cell therapy for any solid tumor. Both apply to diagnosed, higher-stage disease.

Family implications: cascade testing logic differs by genetic tier

“What does this mean for my kids?” has two different answers. It depends on what kind of result started the conversation.

Say a relative has a confirmed pathogenic CDKN2A (or CDK4, BAP1, POT1) variant. Cascade testing is the standard next step. That means offering the same specific gene test to first-degree relatives: parents, siblings, children. A genetics clinic usually coordinates this. A positive result in a relative changes how closely that person should be watched going forward. That’s exactly why it’s worth pursuing once a pathogenic variant is confirmed anywhere in the family.

Now say the only information on the table is a DTC polygenic score. There is no matching single-gene cascade path. A polygenic score is not one fixed variant that can be “passed or not passed,” the way a CDKN2A change can. In that case, the most useful thing a family can do is build a three-generation family history. Who was diagnosed, and at what age? How many separate melanomas did each person have? Does pancreatic cancer also run in the family, a pattern tied to CDKN2A? That same family-history conversation is also the first thing a genetic counselor will ask for. Gathering it before an appointment saves time.

• Confirmed CDKN2A pathogenic variant in a relative → cascade testing of first-degree relatives, coordinated through a genetics clinic
• DTC polygenic score only, no confirmed gene variant → build a three-generation family history instead; no single-gene cascade path applies
• Melanoma plus pancreatic cancer in the family → mention this combination specifically to a genetic counselor, since it’s linked to CDKN2A

A simple way to picture the difference: a confirmed CDKN2A variant is like a single, specific key. It either fits a lock or it doesn’t, and each relative can be tested for that exact key. A polygenic score is more like a weather forecast built from local patterns. It says something useful about a region. But it isn’t a key any one relative can be tested for, with a plain yes-or-no answer.

Whichever situation fits your family, a genetics clinic or a genetic counselor is the right place to sort out testing for relatives.

Section recap: A confirmed CDKN2A variant opens a clear cascade-testing path for relatives. A DTC polygenic score does not. A detailed family history becomes the more useful tool instead.

Psychosocial impact: GINA protections, insurance gaps, and disclosure

A “Skin Cancer (Melanoma)” entry on a DTC report often raises a worry that has nothing to do with biology. Could this be used against me?

In the US, a law called GINA (the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act) addresses that worry directly. It blocks health insurers and most employers from using genetic test results against you. That includes a DTC polygenic score or a clinical CDKN2A result. That protection is real, but it has a well-known gap. GINA does not cover life insurance, disability insurance, or long-term-care insurance. Families who have already watched a relative go through melanoma treatment often name this gap as their biggest worry. It’s a reasonable one; those insurance types sit outside GINA’s reach.

There’s also a second kind of weight. It has nothing to do with insurance law at all. It’s the everyday stress of a visible family cancer history. Watching a parent’s mole change. Waiting on a biopsy result. Checking your own skin more often than you used to. All of that adds up, separate from any genetic report.

• What GINA does cover: health insurance decisions and most employment decisions based on genetic test results
• What GINA does not cover: life insurance, disability insurance, long-term-care insurance
• What’s a personal choice, not a clinical rule: whether to share results with siblings or adult children; counseling can help, but isn’t required outside high-penetrance families

If insurance questions or family-disclosure decisions are weighing on you, a genetic counselor can walk through both the legal protections and the personal side of that choice. Find one at NSGC.org.

None of this worry means something is wrong with you or your family. It’s a normal response to watching a relative go through cancer treatment. Naming the worry, and separating the legal facts from the emotional weight, tends to make both easier to carry.

Section recap: GINA protects against genetic discrimination in health insurance and most employment. It does not cover life, disability, or long-term-care insurance. Deciding how much to tell family stays a personal choice outside confirmed high-risk families.

Frequently asked questions

Will I get melanoma? Not necessarily. A DTC polygenic score is a modest probability shift, not a forecast. Even a confirmed CDKN2A variant does not guarantee melanoma. Lifetime risk estimates for carriers range widely: roughly 14%-28% in population-based studies, up to 58%-91% in heavily affected families, depending on UV exposure and other factors.

Will my children inherit it? It depends on which layer is in play. A confirmed CDKN2A pathogenic variant follows an autosomal-dominant pattern. Each child of a carrier has a real chance of inheriting it. This is the situation where cascade testing applies. A DTC polygenic score isn’t a single variant passed down the same way. There’s no equivalent single-gene answer. Family history remains the more useful signal.

Will this affect my health or life insurance? GINA blocks US health insurers and most employers from using genetic results against you. It does not cover life, disability, or long-term-care insurance. That gap is worth discussing with a genetic counselor before you apply for those policy types.

Can my employer find out? GINA’s employment protections cover most employers when it comes to genetic test results. As with insurance, a genetic counselor can walk through the specifics that apply to your situation.

Should I get a second opinion? Maybe a DTC score, a family history, or a clinical result has left you unsure what to do next. A second opinion from a dermatologist or a genetic counselor is a reasonable, low-cost step. It’s especially worth it before any decision about testing, prevention, or treatment.

Summary

Melanoma genetics comes down to two layers that get confused constantly. One is rare, strong, and single-gene, led by CDKN2A. The other is common and weak on its own: a polygenic score, which is what a 23andMe-style report actually measures. Relative-risk numbers only mean something once you translate them into an absolute, lived chance. That translation depends heavily on how the underlying study found its participants. Testing, interpretation, and family cascade testing all follow different rules, depending on which layer applies to you. The treatment landscape moved fast in 2024 and 2025. Neoantigen therapy and the first solid-tumor cell therapy both reached key milestones. But both apply to diagnosed disease, not a risk score. And GINA offers real, but incomplete, protection against genetic discrimination. None of this replaces a talk with your own doctor or a genetic counselor about your specific history.

This article is for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. For any decisions about testing, treatment, or care, consult a qualified clinician. In emergencies, call 911.

References

1. Ingold N, Seviiri M, Ong JS, et al. “Exploring the Germline Genetics of In Situ and Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma: A Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis.” JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(9):964-971. PMID 39141363. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39141363/
2. Weber JS, Carlino MS, Khattak A, et al. “Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study.” Lancet. 2024;403(10427):632-644. PMID 38246194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02268-7
3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “FDA grants accelerated approval to lifileucel (Amtagvi) for unresectable or metastatic melanoma.” 2024. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-lifileucel-unresectable-or-metastatic-melanoma
4. Health Canada, Drug and Health Products Portal. “AMTAGVI (lifileucel) — drug product listing.” 2025. https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/dhpp/resource/106331
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7. Llach J, Aguilera P, Sanchez A, et al. “Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance in Carriers of a Germline Pathogenic Variant in CDKN2A.” Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(6):1690. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10046865/
8. Raimondi S, Sera F, Gandini S, et al. “MC1R variants, melanoma and red hair color phenotype: A meta-analysis.” Int J Cancer. 2008;122(12):2753-2760. PMID 18366057. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.23396
9. National Cancer Institute (NCI). “Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ) — Health Professional and Patient Versions.” https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq
10. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). “Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) — overview.” https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genetic-Discrimination
11. US Preventive Services Task Force. “Screening for Skin Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.” JAMA. 2023;329(15):1290-1295. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2803797
12. American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). “Detect skin cancer: how to perform a skin self-exam (the ABCDEs of melanoma).” https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/find/check-skin
13. National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC). “Find a Genetic Counselor.” https://www.findageneticcounselor.com/
14. 23andMe. “Skin Cancer (Melanoma) Health Predisposition report — methodology and availability.” https://www.23andme.org/blog/articles/new-23andme-report-on-skin-cancer

Last updated: 2026-09-15

Author: Yu Mizuno (Editor-in-Chief, non-physician), GeneLumen editorial team. This article aggregates 14 sources from peer-reviewed medical literature and health agencies (tier 1=8 / tier 2=5 / tier 4=1), including NIH, FDA, Health Canada, and NSGC guidance.

This article is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice from a licensed physician, board-certified medical geneticist, or board-certified genetic counselor. In emergencies, call 911 (US/Canada) or 119 (Japan).

Image: Illustrations via Irasutoya (https://www.irasutoya.com/).

Related: Hereditary Cancer category

🇯🇵 For readers in Japan — a separate Japanese edition written for Japan’s healthcare system (not a translation): https://genelumen.com/ja/ja-hereditary-cancer/melanoma-genetic-risk-polygenic-score-japan